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Kaprekar's routine. In number theory, Kaprekar's routine is an iterative algorithm named after its inventor, Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. Each iteration starts with a number, sorts the digits into descending and ascending order, and calculates the difference between the two new numbers. As an example, starting with the number 8991 in ...
The number 6174 is known as Kaprekar's constant [1] [2] [3] after the Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. This number is renowned for the following rule: Take any four-digit number, using at least two different digits (leading zeros are allowed). Arrange the digits in descending and then in ascending order to get two four-digit numbers, adding ...
); the next digit a pattern of 4 on, 4 off; the i-th least significant bit a pattern of 2 i on 2 i off. The most significant digit is an exception to this: for an n -bit Gray code, the most significant digit follows the pattern 2 n -1 on, 2 n -1 off, which is the same (cyclic) sequence of values as for the second-most significant digit, but ...
The distinct values are stored in a string intern pool. The single copy of each string is called its intern and is typically looked up by a method of the string class, for example String.intern() in Java. All compile-time constant strings in Java are automatically interned using this method.
The term magic number or magic constant refers to the anti-pattern of using numbers directly in source code. This has been referred to as breaking one of the oldest rules of programming, dating back to the COBOL, FORTRAN and PL/1 manuals of the 1960s. [1] The use of unnamed magic numbers in code obscures the developers' intent in choosing that ...
For example, squaring the number "1111" yields "1234321", which can be written as "01234321", an 8-digit number being the square of a 4-digit number. This gives "2343" as the "random" number. Repeating this procedure gives "4896" as the next result, and so on. Von Neumann used 10 digit numbers, but the process was the same.
C++ programmers expect the latter on every major implementation of C++; it includes aggregate types (vectors, lists, maps, sets, queues, stacks, arrays, tuples), algorithms (find, for_each, binary_search, random_shuffle, etc.), input/output facilities (iostream, for reading from and writing to the console and files), filesystem library ...
A string (or word or expression) over Σ is any finite sequence of symbols from Σ. For example, if Σ = {0, 1}, then 01011 is a string over Σ. The length of a string s is the number of symbols in s (the length of the sequence) and can be any non-negative integer; it is often denoted as |s|.